လွင်ႈၸွႆႈထႅမ်:IPA/Spanish

This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Spanish on Wikipedia.

It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Spanish in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing consensus on the talk page first.

For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

တူဝ်ယေႃႈ: H:IPA-ES

The charts below show how the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Spanish language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{IPA-es}}, {{IPAc-es}}, and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters § Notes.

Generally, Castilian Spanish is used in IPA transcriptions except for some words with /θ/ and /ʎ/:

For terms that are more relevant to regions that have undergone yeísmo (where words such as haya and halla are pronounced the same), words spelled with ⟨ll⟩ can be transcribed with [ʝ].
For terms that are more relevant to regions that have seseo (where words such as caza and casa are pronounced the same), words spelled with ⟨z⟩ or ⟨c⟩ (the latter only before ⟨i⟩ or ⟨e⟩) can be transcribed with [s].

In all other cases, if a local pronunciation is made, it should be labeled as "local" (e.g. {{IPA-es|...|local}}).

See Spanish phonology for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Spanish, and Spanish dialects and varieties for regional variation.

Consonants
IPA	Examples	English approximation
b^[1]	bestia, embuste, vaca, envidia, fútbol	about
β	bebé, viva, curva, obtuso, apto^[2]	about, but without lips completely closed
d^[1]	dedo, cuando, aldaba	today
ð	dádiva, arder, admirar, atmósfera,^[2] juventud	this
f	fase	face
ɡ^[1]	gato, guerra, lengua	again
ɣ	trigo, amargo, signo, doctor^[2]	again, but without the tongue touching the roof of the mouth
ʝ^[1]^[3]	ayuno	you
ɟʝ^[1]^[3]	yermo, cónyuge	jeep
k	caña, quise, kilo	scan
l	lino	lean
ʎ^[1]^[3]	llave	million
m^[4]	madre, campo	mother
ɱ^[4]	anfibio	comfort
n^[4]	nido, sin, álbum	need
ɲ^[4]	ñandú, cónyuge	canyon
ŋ^[4]	cinco, tengo	sing
p	pozo	spouse
r^[5]	rumbo, carro, honra, subrayar	trilled r
ɾ^[5]	caro, bravo, partir	atom (with flapping)
s^[6]^[7]	saco, espita, xenón	between sip and ship (retracted) (E), sip (LA)
θ^[6]	cereal, zorro, jazmín^[8]	thing
t	tamiz	stand
tʃ	chubasco	choose
v^[8]	afgano	van
x^[9]	jamón, general, México,^[10] hámster^[11]	Scottish loch
z^[8]	isla, mismo, riesgo	between zone and genre (retracted) (E), zone (LA)
Marginal phonemes
IPA	Examples	English approximation
ʃ^[12]	show, Rocher, Freixenet	shack

Vowels
IPA	Examples	English approximation
a	mal	father
e	es	berry
i	di, y	see
o	sol	more
u	su	food

Semivowels^[13]
IPA	Examples	English approximation
j	ciudad, rey	yet
w^[14]	cuatro, Huila, auto	wine

Stress and syllabification
IPA	Examples	English approximation
ˈ	ciudad [θjuˈðað]	domain
.	mío [ˈmi.o]	Leo

မၢႆတွင်း

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 /b, d, ɡ, ʝ/ are pronounced as fricatives or approximants [β, ð, ɣ, ʝ] in all places (except after a pause, /n/ or /m/, or in the case of /d/ and /ʝ/ after /l/). In the latter environments they are stops [b, d, ɡ, ɟʝ] like English b, d, g, j, but are fully voiced in all positions, unlike in English. When it is distinct from /ʝ/, /ʎ/ is realized as an approximant [ʎ] in all positions (Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté 2003:257-8).
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 The distinction between /p, t, k/ and /b, d, ɡ/ is lost in word-internal syllable-final positions. The resulting realization varies from [p, t, k] to [b, d, ɡ] to [β, ð, ɣ], with the latter being the usual form in conversational style (Hualde 2005:146).
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Most speakers no longer distinguish /ʎ/ from /ʝ/; the actual realization depends on dialect, however. See yeísmo and Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:258) for more information.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 Nasals always assimilate their place of articulation to that of the following consonant. Before velars, they are [ŋ] and before labial consonants, they are [m]. The labiodental [ɱ] appears before /f/.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 The rhotic consonants, [r] and [ɾ], only contrast word-medially between vowels, where they are usually spelled ⟨rr⟩ and ⟨r⟩, respectively. Otherwise, they are in complementary distribution: Word-initially, stem-initially, and after /l, n, s/, only [r] is found; before a consonant or pause, the two are interchangeable, but [ɾ] is more common (hence so represented here). Elsewhere, only [ɾ] is found. When two rhotics occur consecutively across a word or prefix boundary they result in one long trill, which is transcribed as [ɾr] in this key: dar rocas [daɾ ˈrokas], super-rápido [supeɾˈrapiðo] (Hualde 2005:184).
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Northern and Central Spain distinguish between ⟨s⟩ (/s/) and soft ⟨c⟩ or ⟨z⟩ (/θ/). Almost all other dialects treat the two as identical (which is called seseo) and pronounce them as /s/. In areas with the distinction, the alveolar sibilant is typically more retracted (often perceived as closer to the sh sound in ship) than in areas with seseo. Contrary to yeísmo, seseo is not a phonemic merger but the outcome of a different evolution of sibilants in southern Spain in comparison with northern and central dialects. There is a small number of speakers, mostly in southern Spain, who pronounce the soft ⟨c⟩, ⟨z⟩ and even ⟨s⟩ as /θ/ (a phenomenon called ceceo). See phonological history of Spanish coronal fricatives and Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:258) for more information.
↑ In much of Hispanic America and in the southern half of Spain, /s/ in syllable-final positions is either pronounced as [h] or not pronounced at all. In transcriptions linked to this key, however, it is always represented by [s].
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 [v] and [z] are syllable-final allophones of /f/ and /s/, respectively, found before voiced consonants. /θ/ also becomes a voiced fricative [ð] in the same position, but since ⟨ð⟩ represents the approximant allophone of /d/ in transcriptions of Spanish, /θ/ is always transcribed with ⟨θ⟩ in this system.
↑ /x/ is pronounced as [h] in many accents such as those in the Caribbean, Central America, Colombia, Andalusia, and the Canary Islands (Hualde 2005:156).
↑ The letter ⟨x⟩ represents /x/ only in certain proper names like Ximena and some placenames in current or former Mexico (e.g. Oaxaca and Texas).
↑ The letter ⟨h⟩ represents /x/ only in loanwords; though in native words it is always silent.
↑ /ʃ/ is used only in loanwords and certain proper nouns. It is nonexistent in many dialects, being realized as [tʃ] or [s]; e.g. show [tʃou]~[sou].
↑ [j, w] are allophones of /i, u/ that manifest when unstressed and adjacent to another vowel. Mid vowels /e, o/ may also be realized as semivowels, as in [ˈpo̯eta, ˈmae̯stɾo] (poeta, maestro). Semivocalic realizations of /e, o/ may in addition be raised to [j, w], as in [ˈpweta, ˈmajstɾo], which is common in Latin America, but stigmatized in Spain (Hualde, Simonet & Torreira 2008:1911). Since both these phenomena are optional and predictable, they are not reflected in transcription ([poˈeta, maˈestɾo]).
↑ Some speakers may pronounce word-initial [w] with an epenthetic [ɡ] (e.g. Huila [ˈɡwila]~[ˈwila]).

ၽိုၼ်ဢိင်

Hualde, José Ignacio (2005), The Sounds of Spanish, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-54538-2
Hualde, José Ignacio; Simonet, Miquel; Torreira, Francisco (2008), "Postlexical contraction of nonhigh vowels in Spanish", Lingua 118 (12): 1906–1925, doi:10.1016/j.lingua.2007.10.004
Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/s0025100303001373

[Approximant-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 /b, d, ɡ, ʝ/ are pronounced as fricatives or approximants [β, ð, ɣ, ʝ] in all places (except after a pause, /n/ or /m/, or in the case of /d/ and /ʝ/ after /l/). In the latter environments they are stops [b, d, ɡ, ɟʝ] like English b, d, g, j, but are fully voiced in all positions, unlike in English. When it is distinct from /ʝ/, /ʎ/ is realized as an approximant [ʎ] in all positions (Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté 2003:257-8).

[coda-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 The distinction between /p, t, k/ and /b, d, ɡ/ is lost in word-internal syllable-final positions. The resulting realization varies from [p, t, k] to [b, d, ɡ] to [β, ð, ɣ], with the latter being the usual form in conversational style (Hualde 2005:146).

[yeismo-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Most speakers no longer distinguish /ʎ/ from /ʝ/; the actual realization depends on dialect, however. See yeísmo and Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:258) for more information.

[nasal-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 Nasals always assimilate their place of articulation to that of the following consonant. Before velars, they are [ŋ] and before labial consonants, they are [m]. The labiodental [ɱ] appears before /f/.

[rhotic-5] 5.0 ^5.1 The rhotic consonants, [r] and [ɾ], only contrast word-medially between vowels, where they are usually spelled ⟨rr⟩ and ⟨r⟩, respectively. Otherwise, they are in complementary distribution: Word-initially, stem-initially, and after /l, n, s/, only [r] is found; before a consonant or pause, the two are interchangeable, but [ɾ] is more common (hence so represented here). Elsewhere, only [ɾ] is found. When two rhotics occur consecutively across a word or prefix boundary they result in one long trill, which is transcribed as [ɾr] in this key: dar rocas [daɾ ˈrokas], super-rápido [supeɾˈrapiðo] (Hualde 2005:184).

[seseo-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Northern and Central Spain distinguish between ⟨s⟩ (/s/) and soft ⟨c⟩ or ⟨z⟩ (/θ/). Almost all other dialects treat the two as identical (which is called seseo) and pronounce them as /s/. In areas with the distinction, the alveolar sibilant is typically more retracted (often perceived as closer to the sh sound in ship) than in areas with seseo. Contrary to yeísmo, seseo is not a phonemic merger but the outcome of a different evolution of sibilants in southern Spain in comparison with northern and central dialects. There is a small number of speakers, mostly in southern Spain, who pronounce the soft ⟨c⟩, ⟨z⟩ and even ⟨s⟩ as /θ/ (a phenomenon called ceceo). See phonological history of Spanish coronal fricatives and Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:258) for more information.

[7] In much of Hispanic America and in the southern half of Spain, /s/ in syllable-final positions is either pronounced as [h] or not pronounced at all. In transcriptions linked to this key, however, it is always represented by [s].

[vz-8] 8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 [v] and [z] are syllable-final allophones of /f/ and /s/, respectively, found before voiced consonants. /θ/ also becomes a voiced fricative [ð] in the same position, but since ⟨ð⟩ represents the approximant allophone of /d/ in transcriptions of Spanish, /θ/ is always transcribed with ⟨θ⟩ in this system.

[9] /x/ is pronounced as [h] in many accents such as those in the Caribbean, Central America, Colombia, Andalusia, and the Canary Islands (Hualde 2005:156).

[10] The letter ⟨x⟩ represents /x/ only in certain proper names like Ximena and some placenames in current or former Mexico (e.g. Oaxaca and Texas).

[11] The letter ⟨h⟩ represents /x/ only in loanwords; though in native words it is always silent.

[12] /ʃ/ is used only in loanwords and certain proper nouns. It is nonexistent in many dialects, being realized as [tʃ] or [s]; e.g. show [tʃou]~[sou].

[13] [j, w] are allophones of /i, u/ that manifest when unstressed and adjacent to another vowel. Mid vowels /e, o/ may also be realized as semivowels, as in [ˈpo̯eta, ˈmae̯stɾo] (poeta, maestro). Semivocalic realizations of /e, o/ may in addition be raised to [j, w], as in [ˈpweta, ˈmajstɾo], which is common in Latin America, but stigmatized in Spain (Hualde, Simonet & Torreira 2008:1911). Since both these phenomena are optional and predictable, they are not reflected in transcription ([poˈeta, maˈestɾo]).

[14] Some speakers may pronounce word-initial [w] with an epenthetic [ɡ] (e.g. Huila [ˈɡwila]~[ˈwila]).

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